Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects the macula — the central part of the retina responsible for detailed, sharp vision. Because the macula controls central vision, AMD can make everyday tasks such as reading, recognising faces and driving more difficult. It is one of the leading causes of vision loss in Australians over the age of 50.

AMD can develop slowly over time, although in some cases vision can change suddenly. The symptoms mainly affect central vision rather than side (peripheral) vision.

You may notice:

• Blurred or reduced central vision
• Difficulty reading that isn’t improved by new glasses
• Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
• Trouble recognising faces

If you notice distortion, blurred central vision or sudden changes, you should seek professional advice promptly.

If you are concerned about changes in your vision, it is important to see an optometrist, ophthalmologist or GP as soon as possible. AMD is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include imaging of the retina.

There are three stages of AMD:

Early AMD usually does not cause noticeable vision problems and is often detected during a routine eye check.

Intermediate AMD may show more visible changes in the retina, although vision can still remain relatively stable.

Late AMD is when significant vision loss occurs. There are two forms of late AMD:

• Dry (atrophic) AMD, which develops gradually as retinal cells deteriorate over time.
• Wet (neovascular) AMD, which occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and may leak or bleed, causing sudden central vision loss.

Wet AMD is the more serious and faster-progressing form. Importantly, dry AMD can develop into wet AMD. Any sudden changes in vision require urgent assessment — ideally within one week if wet AMD is suspected.

Early diagnosis allows AMD to be monitored closely and managed appropriately.

There is currently no cure for AMD, but treatment and lifestyle measures can help slow progression and protect remaining vision.

Certain factors increase the risk of developing or worsening AMD, including smoking, family history and increasing age (particularly over 75). You can reduce your risk by:

• Having regular eye examinations
• Quitting smoking with support from your GP
• Eating a high antioxidant diet rich in leafy green vegetables, fish and nuts
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
• Discussing supplements with your GP or eye specialist

Late-stage wet AMD can be treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. These medications work by slowing the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reducing leakage or bleeding. The injections are given into the vitreous (the gel inside the eye) under local anaesthetic and generally involve minimal discomfort. Ongoing monitoring and repeat treatments are often required to maintain vision.

At present, some select patients may benefit from injections however management focuses on monitoring the condition, addressing risk factors and supporting vision through lifestyle changes and low-vision strategies.

AMD can affect many aspects of daily life, including reading, watching television, recognising faces, navigating safely and driving. Even tasks such as reading menus or price tags can become challenging.

Support services can make a significant difference. In Australia, organisations such as Vision Australia provide practical advice, low-vision aids and strategies to help people remain independent. These may include magnifying devices, improved lighting, glare reduction techniques and other daily living supports.

A diagnosis of AMD does not mean you need to stop living life on your terms. With early detection, appropriate treatment and the right support, many people continue to lead active, fulfilling lives.

Further information and help for living with AMD can be found on the Macular Disease Foundation Australia website.